The Community of Inquiry makes use of cookies. By continuing, you consent to this use. More information.
Learning presence within the community of inquiry framework: An alternative measurement survey for a four-factor model
Wertz, Ruth E.H. and Purzer, Şenay

PublishedNovember 2021
JournalThe Internet and Higher Education
Edition preprint
CountryUnited States

ABSTRACT
Within the distance education community, the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework is widely accepted as a framework to understand and design text-based learning environments. The framework includes three components: Cognitive Presence, Teaching Presence, and Social Presence. Recent work has proposed the addition of a fourth component, Learning Presence, which reflects students' selfregulation, and its role within the original framework. This study evaluated alternative structures of the CoI framework to explain student perceptions of learning online. The study participants (n = 256) were graduate students from multiple institutions who had taken at least one fully online course as part of their degree requirements. Survey data were collected using a single Likert-scaled survey instrument. A two-phase, sequential research study was conducted. The first phase included a series of confirmatory factor analyses to evaluate the measurement models of the four CoI constructs individually, followed by a model including all four constructs simultaneously. The second phase focused on testing three hypotheses that explore how the CoI constructs relate and interact with one another, which included: 1) a simple explanatory model, 2) a mediator model, and 3) a moderator model. These models were evaluated using path analyses and hierarchical linear regression analyses. Findings indicated that the while Social Presence acted as a mediator between the other CoI constructs when analyzed individually, mediation criteria were not met when all four constructs were included in the model simultaneously. In addition, Learning Presence did not have significant moderation effect in this study. Learning Presence was significantly related to the other CoI constructs, but not in a way that was well explained by the three hypothesized models; therefore, a post-hoc model was proposed. This manuscript makes unique contributions to the study of online learning environments through the CoI framework by introducing a comprehensive survey that includes Learning Presence indicators, producing evidence on the multidimensionality of the CoI constructs, and the strong relationship between Learning Presence and Cognitive Presence.

Keywords Learning presence · community of inquiry · Structural Equation Modeling

CoI focusFull model
MethodologyQuantitative
PopulationGraduate
Study designQuestionnaire
Data analysisStructural equation modelling
InstrumentModified CoI survey
ContributionEmpirical
Sample size256
Study aim"The objective of this study, the initial phase of our two-phase project, was to confirm the inter-relation of LP with the other three CoI factors"
Finding"Findings indicated that the while Social Presence acted as a mediator between the other CoI constructs when analyzed individually, mediation criteria were not met when all four constructs were included in the model simultaneously. In addition, Learning Presence did not have significant moderation effect in this study. Learning Presence was significantly related to the other CoI constructs, but not in a way that was well explained by the three hypothesized models; therefore, a post-hoc model was proposed."
LanguageEnglish
RefereedYes
DOI10.1016/j.iheduc.2021.100832
ExportBibTex · EndNote · Tagged XML · Google Scholar


Viewed by 0 distinct readers




COMMUNITY NOTES

The evaluations below represent the judgements of our readers and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the CoI editors.

POST A COMMENT
SIMILAR RECORDS

Re-examining the Construct Validity and Causal Relationships of Teaching, Cognitive and Social Presence in Community of Inquiry Framework
Dempsey, Patrick; Zhang, Jie
Despite the prevalence of research on the community of inquiry framework and its associated measurement instrument, more research is needed to re-evaluate the factor structure, study the effects of covariates or ...
Match: full model; structural equation modelling; community of inquiry; united states

Validating a Measurement Tool of Presence in Online Communities of Inquiry
Swan, Karen P.; Richardson, Jennifer C.; Ice, Phillip; Garrison, D. Randy; et al.
This article examines work related to the development and validation of a measurement tool for the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework in online settings. The framework consists of three elements: social presence, ...
Match: measurement; full model; united states

Teaching presence in k-12 blended learning classes under the alternative delivery mode
Villanueva, Juliet Aleta R.
Flexible learning options and blended learning programs continue to serve marginalized student populations under the Alternative Delivery Mode of the Philippine K-12 system. However, blended learning interactions in ...
Match: alternative; full model

Translating and Validating the Community of Inquiry Survey Instrument in Brazil
Parulla, Cibele Duarte; Weissheimer, Anne Marie; dos Santos, Marlise Bock; Cogo, Ana Luísa Petersen
Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have emerged as an affordable way to distribute knowledge and democratize education. The examination of online courses calls for theoretical models and instruments that contemplate ...
Match: full model; structural equation modelling; community of inquiry

The effect of self-regulated learning on college students' perceptions of community of inquiry and affective outcomes in online learning
Cho, Moon-Heum; Kim, Yanghee; Choi, DongHo
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of students' self-regulated learning (SRL) levels on their perceptions of community of inquiry (CoI) and their affective outcomes (task-specific attitudes and ...
Match: full model; learning presence; community of inquiry

Verifying Causal Relationships Among the Presences of the Community of Inquiry Framework in the Chinese Context
Ma, Zhiqiang; Wang, Jing; Wang, Qiyun; Kong, Lili; et al.
The purpose of this study was to verify a Chinese version of Community of Inquiry (CoI) instrument with learning presence and explore the causal relationships of the factors in the instrument. This study first examined ...
Match: full model; learning presence; community of inquiry

Continuing to teach in a time of crisis: The Chinese rural educational system's response and student satisfaction and social and cognitive presence
Wang, Jing; Yang, Yuqin; Li, Hongli; van Aalst, Jan
This research consisted of two studies to investigate how the Chinese rural educational system supported students' online learning and to determine the factors that influenced students' online learning quality ...
Match: full model; structural equation modelling; community of inquiry

Confirmatory Factor Analysis on the Sub-Construct of Teaching Presence’s in the Community of Inquiry
Nasir, M. Khalid M.; Surat, Shahlan; Maat, Siti Mistima; Karim, Aidah Abd; Daud, Md. Yusoff
This study aims to re-examine the reliability and validity of three sub-constructs in measuring the level of teaching presence from one of the essential elements in the Community of Inquiry model. The measurement ...
Match: structural equation modelling; community of inquiry

Understanding The Use and Impact of Social Media Features on The Educational Experiences of Higher-Education Students in Blended and Distance-Learning Environments
Scialdone, Michael John
Students are increasingly expecting social media to be a component of their educational experiences both outside and inside of the classroom. The phenomenon of interest in this dissertation is understanding how the ...
Match: full model; community of inquiry; united states

Examining online teaching, cognitive, and social presence for adult students
Ke, Fengfeng
Drawing on the Community of Inquiry model (Garrison, Anderson, & Archer, 2000), this mixed-method case study examined the nature and interactions of teaching, cognitive, and social presence created by online instructors ...
Match: full model; community of inquiry; united states
The Community of Inquiry is a project of Athabasca University, Mount Royal University, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, and the Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, as well as researchers and members of the CoI community.