@article {
	title = {Confirming the subdimensions of teaching, social, and cognitive presences: A construct validity study},
	author = {Caskurlu, Secil},
	abstract = {This confirmatory factor analysis study examined the construct validity of the three presences of the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework (Garrison, Anderson, & Archer, 2000). The participants of this study were graduate students enrolled in fully online courses at a large Midwestern university. The results revealed that (a) the data fit very well with the thirteen item-three factor teaching presence model, (b) the data fit very well with the nine item-three factor social presence model, and (c) the data fit very well with the twelve item-four factor cognitive presence model. The results of this study empirically supported that each presence demonstrates a clear factor solution as proposed by the CoI framework. Theoretical and practical implications of the study results are discussed.},
	year = {2018},
	month = {/2018},
	language = {English},
	journal = {The Internet and Higher Education},
	volume = {39},
	pages = {1-12},
	country = {United States},
	doi = {10.1016/j.iheduc.2018.05.002},
	refereed = {yes},
	keywords = {community of inquiry framework, community of inquiry survey, social presence, teaching presence, cognitive presence},
}