@article {
	title = {Developing a community of inquiry instrument: Testing a measure of the Community of Inquiry framework using a multi-institutional sample},
	author = {Arbaugh, J. B. and Cleveland-Innes, Martha and Diaz, Sebastian R. and Garrison, D. Randy and Ice, Philip and Richardson, Jennifer C. and Swan, Karen P.},
	abstract = {This article reports on the multi-institutional development and validation of an instrument that attempts to operationalize Garrison, Anderson and Archer's Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework (2000). The results of the study suggest that the instrument is a valid, reliable, and efficient measure of the dimensions of social presence and cognitive presence, thereby providing additional support for the validity of the CoI as a framework for constructing effective online learning environments. While factor analysis supported the idea of teaching presence as a construct, it also suggested that the construct consisted of two factors—one related to course design and organization and the other related to instructor behavior during the course. The article concludes with a discussion of potential implications of further refinement of the CoI measures for researchers, designers, administrators, and instructors.},
	year = {2008},
	month = {/2008},
	language = {English},
	journal = {The Internet and Higher Education},
	volume = {11},
	issue = {3-4},
	pages = {133-136},
	country = {United States},
	doi = {10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.06.003},
	refereed = {yes},
	keywords = {community of inquiry, cognitive presence, teaching presence, social presence},
}