@article {
	title = {Critical Inquiry in a Text-Based Environment: Computer Conferencing in Higher Education},
	author = {Garrison, D. Randy and Anderson, Terry and Archer, Walter},
	abstract = {The purpose of this study is to provide conceptual order and a tool for the use of computer-mediated communication (CMC) and computer conferencing in supporting an educational experience. Central to the study introduced here is a model of community inquiry that constitutes three elements essential to an educational transaction—cognitive presence, social presence, and teaching presence. Indicators (key words/phrases) for each of the three elements emerged from the analysis of computer-conferencing transcripts. The indicators described represent a template or tool for researchers to analyze written transcripts, as well as a guide to educators for the optimal use of computer conferencing as a medium to facilitate an educational transaction. This research would suggest that computer conferencing has considerable potential to create a community of inquiry for educational purposes.},
	year = {1999},
	month = {/1999},
	language = {English},
	journal = {The Internet and Higher Education},
	volume = {2},
	issue = {2-3},
	pages = {87-105},
	country = {Canada},
	doi = {10.1016/S1096-7516(00)00016-6},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222474115_Critical_Inquiry_in_a_Text-Based_Environment_Computer_Conferencing_in_Higher_Education},
	issn = {1096-7516},
	refereed = {yes},
	keywords = {computer-mediated communication, CMC, community of inquiry, practical inquiry, cognitive presence, social presence, teaching presence, conceptual framework, coding template},
}